Today, cinema is based on public projections of animated images. Cinema was born from several innovations ranging from the photographic domain to the synthesis of movement using the persistence of vision with the invention of optical games. Among the invented optical games, it is worth mentioning the thaumatrope (invented between 1820 and 1825 by William Fitton), phenacystoscope (invented in 1829 by Joseph-Antoine Ferdinand Plateau), zoetrope (in 1834 by Will George Horner) and praxinoscope (in 1877 by Emily Reynaud). In 1888, Emily Reynaud improved her invention and started projecting images at the Musée Grévin for 10 years. In 1876, Eadweard Muybridge did an experiment: first he placed 12 and then 24 cameras along a hippodrome and took several pictures of a horse passing. He thus obtained the decomposition of the movement in several photographs and through a zoopraxinoscope he was able to recompose the movement. In 1882, Étienne-Jules Marley improved the Muybridge apparatus. In 1888, Louis Aimée Augustin Le Prince filmed a scene of about 2 seconds but the fragility of the paper used made the projection inadequate. William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, chief engineer at Edison Laboratories, invented a strip of celluloid containing an image sequence that would be the basis for photography and motion picture projection. In 1891, Thomas Edison invented the kinetograph and later the kinetoscope. The latter was an electrically powered box that contained the film invented by Dickson but with limited functions. The kinetoscope did not project the film. Program of the first exhibition Based on Edison's invention, Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinematograph, a portable device that consisted of a three-in-one device (filming, developing and projecting machine). In 1895, the Lumière brothers' father, Antoine, organized a paid public screening of films on December 28 at the Salon of the Grand Café in Paris. The exhibition was a success. This day, the date of the first paid public screening, is commonly known as the birth of cinema even though the Lumière brothers did not claim to have invented such a feat. However, American stories attribute greater weight to Thomas Edison for the invention of cinema, when in fact what he did was take small videos and show them on slot machines, and in order not to lose such a profitable source he was always against the exhibition. of movies in large theaters. The Lumière brothers sent to the world, in order to present small films, the first records as a beginning of amateur cinema. "Sortie de l'usine Lumière à Lyon" (or "Employees leaving the Lumière Factory") is regarded as the first audiovisual exhibited in history, being directed and produced by Louis Lumière. From the same year, also by the Lumiére brothers, the film "The Sprinkler Sprinkled", a small comedy. Less than 6 months later, Edison would design his first film, "Vitascope". In Brazil, the first national film was directed by the Italian Afonso Segreto, on April 30, 1898. Eadweard Muybridge Experience Animation [edit] Silent cinema From the beginning, inventors and producers tried to match image with synchronized sound. But no technique worked until the 1920s. Thus, for 30 years the films were practically silent, often accompanied by live music, other times by special effects and narration and written dialogue present between scenes.